Separation sciences| in all their various forms such as chromatography| field-flow fractionation| and electrophoresis| provide some of the most powerful techniques in analytical chemistry and are applied within a number of important application areas| including archaeology| biotechnology| clinical| environmental| food| medical| petroleum| pharmaceutical| polymer and biopolymer research. Beyond serving analytical purposes| separation techniques are also used for preparative and process-scale applications. The scope and power of separation sciences is significantly extended by combination with spectroscopic detection methods (e.g.| laser-based approaches| nuclear-magnetic resonance| Raman| chemiluminescence) and particularly| mass spectrometry| to create hyphenated techniques. In addition to exciting new developments in chromatography| such as ultra high-pressure systems| multidimensional separations| and high-temperature approaches| there have also been great advances in hybrid methods combining chromatography and electro-based separations| especially on the micro- and nanoscale. Integrated biological procedures (e.g.| enzymatic| immunological| receptor-based assays) can also be part of the overall analytical process.
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