Until the 1990s| technology was the main driver when dealing with waste and residues| the objective being the treatment of waste for (landfill) disposal| storage| and in some cases sorting. In the 1990s| depletion of raw materials and socio-economical concerns supported the direct recycling of waste and residues. However| the direct recycling approach is limited when waste/residues contain significant amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals and organics (VOC| PAH)| and when the treatment process to remove/stabilize or destruct the pollutant generates emissions. Due to depletion of natural resources| increasing greenhouse emissions| and awareness of the need for sustainable development in terms of safely reusing waste and biomass| the transformation of waste/biomass to valuable materials and energy (i.e. valorization) is emerging as a strong trend
数据整理自公开网络的投稿反馈，仅供参考。
